References 3
260. Sartori A. M., et al. 2007. Manifestations of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) in patients with HIV/AIDS. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 101:31–50 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 261. Sartori A. M., et al. 2002. Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in chronic Chagas disease: comparison between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients. J. Infect. Dis. 186:872–875 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 262. Schaffer G. D., Hanson W. L., Davidson W. R., Nettles V. F. 1978. Hematotropic parasites of translocated raccoons in the southeast. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173:1148–1151 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 263. Schenone H., Gaggero M., Sapunar J., Contreras M. C., Rojas A. 2001. Congenital Chagas disease of second generation in Santiago, Chile. Report of two cases. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 43:231–232 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 264. Schielke J. E., Selvarangan R., Kyes K. B., Fritsche T. R. 2002. Laboratory diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a colony-raised pigtailed macaque. Contemp. Top. Lab. Anim. Sci. 41:42–45 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 265. Schiffler R. J., Mansur G. P., Navin T. R., Limpakarnjanarat K. 1984. Indigenous Chagas' disease (American trypanosomiasis) in California. JAMA 251:2983–2984 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 266. Schijman A. G. 2006. Congenital Chagas disease, p. 223–259In Mushahwar I. K. (ed.), Congenital and other related infectious diseases of the newborn, vol. 13 Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands [Google Scholar] 267. Schijman A. G., et al. 2000. Early diagnosis of recurrence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection by PCR after heart transplantation of a chronic Chagas' heart disease patient. J. Heart Lung Transplant. 19:1114–1117 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 268. Schmunis G. A. 1991. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas' disease: status in the blood supply in endemic and nonendemic countries. Transfusion 31:547–557 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 269. Schmunis G. A., Cruz J. R. 2005. Safety of the blood supply in Latin America. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18:12–29 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 270. Schofield C. J., Galvao C. 2009. Classification, evolution, and species groups within the Triatominae. Acta Trop. 110:88–100 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 271. Secretaria de Vigilancia em Saude de Brasil 2007, posting date Doenca de Chagas Aguda. Nota Tecnica, 9 de Outubro de 2007. http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/nota_chagas_091007.pdf 272. Silveira-Lacerda E. P., et al. 2004. Chagas' disease: application of TESA-blot in inconclusive sera from a Brazilian blood bank. Vox Sang. 87:204–207 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 273. Sjogren R. D., Ryckman R. E. 1966. Epizootiology of Trypanosoma cruzi in southwestern North America. 8. Nocturnal flights of Triatoma protracta (Uhler) as indicated by collections at black light traps (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae). J. Med. Entomol. 3:81–92 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 274. Snider T. G., Yaeger R. G., Dellucky J. 1980. Myocarditis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi in a native Louisiana dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 177:247–249 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 275. Sosa-Estani S., et al. 2008. Use of a rapid test on umbilical cord blood to screen for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in pregnant women in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, and Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79:755–759 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 276. Sosa-Estani S., Segura E. L. 2006. Etiological treatment in patients infected by Trypanosoma cruzi: experiences in Argentina. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 19:583–587 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 277. Sosa-Estani S., Segura E. L. 1999. Treatment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the undetermined phase. Experience and current guidelines of treatment in Argentina. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 94(Suppl. 1):363–365 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 278. Sosa Estani S., et al. 1998. Efficacy of chemotherapy with benznidazole in children in the indeterminate phase of Chagas' disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59:526–529 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 279. Souza F. F., et al. 2008. Acute chagasic myocardiopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation with donor and recipient serologically negative for Trypanosoma cruzi: a case report. Transplant. Proc. 40:875–878 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 280. Stimpert K. K., Montgomery S. P. 2010. Physician awareness of Chagas disease, USA. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 16:871–872 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 281. Streiger M. L., del Barco M. L., Fabbro D. L., Arias E. D., Amicone N. A. 2004. Longitudinal study and specific chemotherapy in children with chronic Chagas' disease, residing in a low endemicity area of Argentina. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 37:365–375 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 282. Sullivan T. D., McGregor T., Eads R. B., Davis D. J. 1949. Incidence of Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, in Triatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Texas. Am. J. Trop. Med. 29:453–458 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 283. Tarleton R. L., Reithinger R., Urbina J. A., Kitron U., Gurtler R. E. 2007. The challenges of Chagas disease—grim outlook or glimmer of hope. PLoS Med. 4:e332. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 284. Telford S. R., Jr., Forrester D. J. 1991. Hemoparasites of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Florida. J. Wildl. Dis. 27:486–490 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 285. Theis J. H., Tibayrenc M., Mason D. T., Ault S. K. 1987. Exotic stock of Trypanosoma cruzi (Schizotrypanum) capable of development in and transmission by Triatoma protracta protracta from California: public health implications. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 36:523–528 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 286. Thurman D. C. 1948. Key to Florida Triatoma with additional distribution records for the species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Florida Entomol. 31:58–62 [Google Scholar] 287. Tomlinson M. J., Chapman W. L., Jr., Hanson W. L., Gosser H. S. 1981. Occurrence of antibody to Trypanosoma cruzi in dogs in the southeastern United States. Am. J. Vet. Res. 42:1444–1446 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 288. Torres-Estrada J. L., Martinez-Ibarra J. A., Garcia-Perez J. A. 2002. Selection of resting sites of Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) females under laboratory and field conditions. Folia Entomol. Mexicana 41:63–66 [Google Scholar] 289. Torrico F., et al. 2004. Maternal Trypanosoma cruzi infection, pregnancy outcome, morbidity, and mortality of congenitally infected and non-infected newborns in Bolivia. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70:201–209 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 290. Traina M. I., et al. 2010. Community-based study of Chagas disease prevalence in Los Angeles County, abstr. 497. Abstr. 59th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Atlanta, GA, 3 to 7 November 2010 [Google Scholar] 291. Traina M. I., et al. 2009. Prevalence of Chagas disease in U.S. Latin American immigrant population with cardiomyopathy, abstr. 408. Abstr. 58th Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., Washington, DC, 18 to 22 November 2009 [Google Scholar] 292. Tyler K. M., Engman D. M. 2001. The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi revisited. Int. J. Parasitol. 31:472–481 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 293. Umezawa E. S., et al. 1999. Evaluation of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of Chagas' disease in South and Central America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1554–1560 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 294. Upton S. J., Fridell R. A., Tilley M. 1989. Trypanosoma kansasensis sp. n. from Neotoma floridana in Kansas. J. Wildl. Dis. 25:410–412 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 295. Urbina J. A. 2009. New advances in the management of a long-neglected disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 49:1685–1687 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 296. Usinger R. L. 1944. The Triatominae of North and Central America and the West Indies and their public health significance. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [Google Scholar] 297. Vaidian A. K., Weiss L. M., Tanowitz H. B. 2004. Chagas' disease and AIDS. Kinetoplastid Biol. Dis. 3:2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 298. Vakalis N., Miller J. H., Lauritsen E., Hansen D. 1983. Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies among domestic dogs in New Orleans. J. Louisiana State Med. Soc. 135:14–15 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 299. Verani J., et al. 2009. Geographic variation in the sensitivity of recombinant antigen-based rapid tests for chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 80:410–415 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 300. Verani J. R., Montgomery S. P., Schulkin J., Anderson B., Jones J. L. 2010. Survey of obstetrician-gynecologists in the United States about Chagas disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83:891–895 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 301. Viotti R., Vigliano C., Armenti H., Segura E. 1994. Treatment of chronic Chagas' disease with benznidazole: clinical and serologic evolution of patients with long-term follow-up. Am. Heart J. 127:151–162 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 302. Viotti R., et al. 2006. Long-term cardiac outcomes of treating chronic Chagas disease with benznidazole versus no treatment: a nonrandomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 144:724–734 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 303. Virreira M., et al. 2006. Congenital Chagas disease in Bolivia is not associated with DNA polymorphism of Trypanosoma cruzi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:871–879 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 304. Walsh J. D., Jones J. P. 1962. Public health significance of the cone-nosed bug, Triatoma protracta (Uhler), in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California. Calif. Vector Views 9:33–37 [Google Scholar] 305. Walton B. C., Bauman P. M., Diamond L. S., Herman C. M. 1958. The isolation and identification of Trypanosoma cruzi from raccoons in Maryland. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 7:603–610 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 306. Wegner D. H., Rohwedder R. W. 1972. The effect of nifurtimox in acute Chagas' infection. Arzneimittelforschung 22:1624–1635 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 307. Wendel S., Brener Z. 1992. Historical aspects, p. 5–12 In Wendel S., Brener Z., Camargo M. E., Rassi A. (ed.), Chagas disease-American trypanosomiasis: its impact on transfusion and clinical medicine. International Society of Blood Transfusion, Brazil, Sao Paulo, Brazil [Google Scholar] 308. Wendel S., Leiby D. A. 2007. Parasitic infections in the blood supply: assessing and countering the threat. Dev. Biol. (Basel) 127:17–41 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 309. Westenberger S. J., Barnabe C., Campbell D. A., Sturm N. R. 2005. Two hybridization events define the population structure of Trypanosoma cruzi. Genetics 171:527–543 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 310. Westenberger S. J., Sturm N. R., Campbell D. A. 2006. Trypanosoma cruzi 5S rRNA arrays define five groups and indicate the geographic origins of an ancestor of the heterozygous hybrids. Int. J. Parasitol. 36:337–346 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 311. WHO Expert Committee 2002. Control of Chagas disease. WHO technical report series number 905. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland [Google Scholar] 312. Williams G. D., et al. 1977. Naturally occurring trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease) in dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 171:171–177 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 313. Williams J. T., Dick E. J., Jr., VandeBerg J. L., Hubbard G. B. 2009. Natural Chagas disease in four baboons. J. Med. Primatol 38:107–113 [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 314. Wincker P., et al. 1997. PCR-based diagnosis for Chagas' disease in Bolivian children living in an active transmission area: comparison with conventional serological and parasitological diagnosis. Parasitology 114:367–373 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 315. Wolf A. F. 1969. Sensitivity to Triatoma bite. Ann. Allergy 27:271–273 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 316. Wood F. 1934. Natural and experimental infection of Triatoma protracta Uhler and mammals in California with American human trypanosomiasis Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 14:497–517 [Google Scholar] 317. Wood F. 1936. Trypanosoma neotomae, sp. nov., in the dusky-footed wood rat and the wood rat flea. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 41:133–143 [Google Scholar] 318. Wood F. D., Wood S. F. 1937. Occurrence of haematozoa in some California birds and mammals. J. Parasitol. 23:197–201 [Google Scholar] 319. Wood S., Wood F. 1967. Ecological relationships of Triatoma p. protracta (Uhler) in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, California. Pacific Insects 9:537–550 [Google Scholar] 320. Wood S. F. 1944. An additional California locality for Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas in the western cone-nosed bug, Triatoma protracta (Uhler). J. Parasitol. 30:199 [Google Scholar] 321. Wood S. F. 1949. Additional observations on Trypanosoma cruzi, Chagas, from Arizona in insects, rodents, and experimentally infected animals. Am. J. Trop. Med. 29:43–55 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 322. Wood S. F. 1950. Allergic sensitivity to the saliva of the western cone-nosed bug. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 49:71–73 [Google Scholar] 323. Wood S. F. 1962. Blood parasites of mammals of the California Sierra Nevada Foothills, with special reference to Trypanosoma cruzi and Hepatozoon leptosoma sp. n. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 61:161–176 [Google Scholar] 324. Wood S. F. 1959. Body weight and blood meal size in conenose bugs, Triatoma and Paratriatoma. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 58:116–118 [Google Scholar] 325. Wood S. F. 1941. Chagas' disease (does it exist in men in Arizona?). Southwest Med. April 1941:112–114 [Google Scholar] 326. Wood S. F. 1965. Conenose bugs (Triatoma) visit unoccupied boy's camp in Los Angeles. J. Med. Entomol. 1:347–348 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 327. Wood S. F. 1951. Importance of feeding and defecation times of insect vectors in transmission of Chagas' disease. J. Econ Entomol. 44:52–54 [Google Scholar] 328. Wood S. F. 1952. Mammal blood parasite records from Southwestern United States and Mexico. J. Parasitol. 38:85–86 [Google Scholar] 329. Wood S. F. 1975. New localities for mammal blood parasites from southwestern United States. J. Parasitol. 61:969–970 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 330. Wood S. F. 1941. New localities for Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas in southwestern United States. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34:1–13 [Google Scholar] 331. Wood S. F. 1975. Notes on possible natural control agents for conenose bugs: Triatoma and Paratriatoma (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Natl. Pest Control Operator News 35:16–18 [Google Scholar] 332. Wood S. F. 1941. Notes on the distribution and habits of reduviid vectors of Chagas' disease in the southwestern United States, part I. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 17:85–94 [Google Scholar] 333. Wood S. F. 1941. Notes on the distribution and habits of reduviid vectors of Chagas' disease in the southwestern United States, part II. Pan-Pacific Entomol. 17:115–118 [Google Scholar] 334. Wood S. F. 1944. Notes on the feeding of the cone-nosed bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). J. Parasitol. 30:197–198 [Google Scholar] 335. Wood S. F. 1942. Observations on vectors of Chagas' disease in the United States. Calif. Bull. Soc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 41:61–69 [Google Scholar] 336. Wood S. F. 1943. Observations on vectors of Chagas' disease in the United States. II. Arizona. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23:315–320 [Google Scholar] 337. Wood S. F. 1946. The occurrence of Trypanosoma conorhini Donovan in the reduviid bug, Triatoma rubrofasciata (Degeer) from Oahu T. H. Proc. Haw. Entomol. Soc. 12:651 [Google Scholar] 338. Wood S. F. 1944. The reptile associates of wood rats and cone-nosed bugs. Bull. South. Calif. Acad. Sci. 43:44–48 [Google Scholar] 339. Wood S. F. 1975. Trypanosoma cruzi: new foci of enzootic Chagas' disease in California. Exp. Parasitol. 38:153–160 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 340. Wood S. F., Wood F. D. 1964. Nocturnal aggregation and invasion of homes in southern California by insect vectors of Chagas' disease. J. Econ. Entomol. 57:775–776 [Google Scholar] 341. Wood S. F., Wood F. D. 1961. Observations on vectors of Chagas' disease in the United States. III. New Mexico. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 10:155–162 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 342. Woody N. C., Woody H. B. 1955. American trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease); first indigenous case in the United States. JAMA 159:676–677 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 343. World Health Organization 2008. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/2004_report_update/en/index.html [Google Scholar] 344. World Health Organization 2007, posting date New global effort to eliminate Chagas disease (press release). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr36/en/index.html 345. Yabsley M. J., Noblet G. P. 2002. Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi in raccoons from South Carolina and Georgia. J. Wildl. Dis. 38:75–83 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 346. Yabsley M. J., Noblet G. P., Pung O. J. 2001. Comparison of serological methods and blood culture for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in raccoons (Procyon lotor). J. Parasitol. 87:1155–1159 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 347. Yaeger R. G. 1961. The present status of Chagas' disease in the United States. Bull. Tulane Univ. Med. Fac. 21:9–13 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 348. Yaeger R. G. 1988. The prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in armadillos collected at a site near New Orleans, Louisiana. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38:323–326 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 349. Yeo M., et al. 2005. Origins of Chagas disease: Didelphis species are natural hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi I and armadillos hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi II, including hybrids. Int. J. Parasitol. 35:225–233 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 350. Yoshida N. 2008. Trypanosoma cruzi infection by oral route: how the interplay between parasite and host components modulates infectivity. Parasitol. Int. 57:105–109 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 351. Young C., Losikoff P., Chawla A., Glasser L., Forman E. 2007. Transfusion-acquired Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Transfusion 47:540–544 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 352. Zeledon R., Alvarado R., Jiron L. F. 1977. Observations on the feeding and defecation patterns of three triatomine species (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Acta Trop. 34:65–77 [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 353. Zingales B., et al. 2009. A new consensus for Trypanosoma cruzi intraspecific nomenclature: second revision meeting recommends TcI to TcVI. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 104:1051–1054 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
